A World of Wonder Press

By Noelle Dodge | November 3, 2026 | A World of Wonder Press

Same 4 Spirits, Different Faces

Most of us have lived through a church split, a fractured ministry team, or a family broken by dynamics nobody could quite name. This piece names four of them – the Pharisee, Leviathan, Jezebel, and Pharaoh (spirits) – not to give you something to fear, but to give you a biblical reference and language for what you’ve already survived. When referring to a “spirit” it is meant as a modern day behavioral profile in Christian culture rather than a literal demonic force. The word refers to the non-physical, principality that gives life, energy, and character to living things.

When you can name a pattern, you can set a boundary against it. I’ve watched these dynamics up close. Not just in ministries and families but in workplaces. The names come from Scripture, but the patterns are human: control dressed as righteousness, pride dressed as discernment, manipulation dressed as concern, and shame dressed humility. What follows is a field guide, not a theology exam: how to recognize each one, how they team up, and how to break the cycle.

Before we dive in, a word about why this matters. These aren’t just ancient stories they’re patterns still showing up in our daily lives. Naming them isn’t about fear. It’s about protection: for you, your family, and the people you lead. You might just recognize it in your own organizational leadership. This gives you the opportunity to do something about it.

Pharisee Spirit

The “Pharisee spirit”, often referred to as a “religious spirit”. While named after the historical Jewish sect of the Second Temple period, the term today identifies a specific psychological and behavioral pattern. It mirrors the exact legalism, rigid moral policing, and hypocrisy that Jesus openly rebuked in the Gospel accounts, particularly in Matthew 23.

Common Characteristics of a Pharisee Spirit

Self-Righteousness looks like an individual who is trusting in personal rules, performance, and outward conformity rather than grace or a genuine relationship with God. This tends to also contribute to their obsessive focus on their appearance with rituals, rules, and looking “holy” to others while neglecting internal character, mercy, and love. Appearance is prioritized over authentic connection. Beneath the outward display of flawless adherence to rules lies a fragile ego. The individual uses meticulous compliance to construct an unassailable sense of righteousness, compensating for deep-seated feelings of inadequacy or shame. The psyche relies heavily on black-and-white thinking. Because the individual cannot tolerate or integrate their own internal flaws, they split them off and project them onto others. This drives the compulsive need to police, expose, and judge the perceived shortcomings of those around them.

To deflect any attention to their flaws, they tend to look down, shun, or show contempt towards outsiders or struggling sinners rather than showing compassion, grace or mercy. The psyche relies heavily on black-and-white thinking. Because the individual cannot tolerate or integrate their own internal flaws, they split them off and project them onto others. This drives the compulsive need to police, expose, and judge the perceived shortcomings of those around them.

They often weaponize scripture by using the Bible or rigid doctrine to win arguments, control others, or tear people down rather than using scripture for spiritual transformation. When transformation in others does occur outside of traditional structures, rules, or expectations, they react with anger, jealousy or skepticism. Rules, policies, or doctrines are not used to foster community or growth; they are used as tools of subjugation, marginalization, and behavioral control.

Spirit of Pharaoh

In the Book of Exodus, Pharaoh enslaved the Israelites, increased their workload, resisted God’s command to “let my people go,” and displayed intense pride along with a god-complex. Pharaoh represents the ultimate manifestation of systemic survival and institutional inertia. When a system becomes consumed by its own maintenance it treats people as economic units rather than living souls. Pharaoh’s intense pride is the ego trying to stand as an absolute authority, treating the voice of the divine as an existential threat to be resisted at all costs. In modern charismatic teaching, it is described a demonic or oppressive influence characterized by hardheartedness, bondage manipulation, and resistance or spiritual freedom.

EGO – EDGING GOD OUT

The Pharaoh and Pharisee spirits look very similar in their prideful ego-driven patterns. The difference is the Pharaoh spirit avoids confrontation, they are a non-negotiable, avoidant, often passive-aggressive type personality. The increased workloads represent the final, heaviest resistance experienced right before a breakthrough. When a paradigm is about to shift the old doubles down on its demand to force compliance.

A toxic workplace under the influence of this tag-team, you will see budget and staff cuts and essential resources being minimized or taken away while leadership is still receiving bonuses. The psychological impact is a deliberate tactic to shift the blame of systemic failure onto the individual. When employees burn out or fail to meet unrealistic expectations, leadership frames it as a personal performance flaw rather than a structural deficit while sending an unspoken message to other employees.

In a toxic family, you are expected to keep the peace, cater to the dominant person’s moods, and meet their emotional needs, but you are never given the safety, validation, or respect required to do so. The rules constantly change and if you achieve what they asked for, the goalposts are immediately moved. The system is designed to keep you in a perpetual state of striving and feeling, “not good enough” which ensures that you remain dependent on their approval.

Spirit of Leviathan

While the literal Leviathan in the Old Testament is depicted as a massive, multi-headed sea monster or twisting serpent (Job 41, Psalm 74, and Isaiah 27), it is a concept in Christian theology, deliverance ministries, and spiritual warfare used to describe a high ranking, spiritual stronghold or behavioral pattern.

Contemporary teachings interpret its characteristics metaphorically to describe an invisible force that breeds pride, massive communication breakdowns, and structural chaos. 

Core Characteristics of a “Leviathan Spirit” are often described as narcissistic.

King of Pride and Crown of Lies

Pride is the foundational trait. Job 41:34 calls Leviathan “king over all the children of pride,” this mindset manifests as severe arrogance, an unteachable attitude, defensiveness, and an absolute refusal to admit fault or accept correction. To defeat this beast, starve its fuel source. Pride is the legal right and lifeblood of the Leviathan spirit. It feeds on wounded egos and the desperate need to be proven right.

Twisted Communication: Leviathan is frequently termed a “truth twister.” It thrives in creating a culture of relational paranoia, transforming everyday dialogue into a minefield of manufactured grievances and distorted meanings, routinely misconstrued, and offending or creating misunderstandings out of thin air. 

Covenant Breaking

Leviathan is viewed as highly divisive entity that specializes in destroying marriage, close, friendships, and church ministries by planting seeds of suspicion, gossip, and betrayal.

Hardness of Heart: 

Mirroring the biblical description of Leviathan’s impenetrable scales (Job 41:15). This dynamic represents emotional coldness, a lack of empathy, and a “stiff-necked” resistance to spiritual or structural authority. 

Taming The Beast

Offer a gentle, non-offensive response, an unexpected apology, or choosing to stay quiet instantly. This dismantles the atmosphere that Leviathan is trying to build as James 4:6 outlines, “God, resist the proud but gives Grace to the humble”. Humility suffocates this entities influence. Use your spiritual authority in Christ to bind the twisting serpent. Authors on spiritual warfare, emphasize, making bold decrease of peace, clarity and truth over your home, church, or workplace to physically scatter the mental fog. Break the cycle of manufactured trauma by choosing to love your enemies and praying genuinely for those who are acting as the spirit’s puppet or mouth piece.

When the linguistic confusion and emotional shutdown are so dense that truth cannot break through, add fasting to your prayers. Fasting weakens deep-seated, stubborn spiritual strongholds and restores clarity to the environment.

Leviathan rarely works alone; it partners closely with the spirits of offense, suspicion, gossip, and rejection. Silence the secondary spirits by guarding your heart against nursing secret grudges or whispering suspicions to others, which acts as a secondary mouthpiece for the entity.

Spirit of Jezebel

Queen Jezebel (1 Kings 16–21): A Phoenician princess who married King Ahab of Israel, introduced Baal worship, systematically slaughtered God’s prophets, and used forgery and execution to steal land for her husband.

Revelation 2:20: Jesus rebukes this New Testament church for tolerating a woman named Jezebel, who called herself a prophetess but misled believers into sexual immorality and eating food sacrificed to idols. Like the Pharisee spirit, it is frequently used to describe a specific pattern of behavior, attitude, or spiritual influence characterized by manipulation, control, and a rebellion against spiritual authority.

The concept draws its identity from two primary biblical references: the literal historical figure in the Old Testament (1 & 2 Kings) who ruthlessly promoted idolatry and controlled her husband, King Ahab, and the symbolic prophetic warning in Revelation 2:20 regarding a false prophetess misleading the church.

Core Characteristics of a “Jezebel Spirit”

Control and Manipulation: Operating behind the scenes to subtly influence, dictate, or micromanage people, leaders, or environments to achieve personal agendas.

Undermining Authority: Actively working to discredit, alienate, or weaken legitimate spiritual or structural leadership through gossip, division, and sedition.

Fear and Intimidation: Weaponizing emotional manipulation, anger, or sudden retreats into a “victim mentality” to silence critics and paralyze opposition.

Sensual and False Teachings: Using charisma, flattery, or distorted theology to compromise moral standards and lead others away from genuine faith.

Unwillingness to Repent: Demonstrating intense pride and an absolute refusal to accept correction or submit to mutual accountability.

In modern pastoral ministry and spiritual warfare teachings, authors and ministries analyze this pattern to help communities establish healthy boundaries and identify toxic, divisive relationship dynamics before they fracture a congregation.

Not So Fabulous Four Tag-Team

When Pharaoh, the Pharisees, Leviathan, and the Jezebel spirit are in a toxic workplace, the environment becomes a multi-layered, highly sophisticated matrix of oppression. Each archetype handles a different dimension of control: structural, religious/moral, communication, and interpersonal, creating a perfect storm of exhaustion, confusion, and isolation.

Same Game, Know the Rules

Pharaoh (Extractive Machine) sets the structural pace of the organization. This is the macro-level oppression that demands hyper-productivity at the expense of human life.

If Pharaoh is the engine of productivity, the Pharisee (weaponized rule book) provide the moral and bureaucratic justification for it. They specialize in legalism, micromanagement, and superficial compliance.

Leviathan (web of misdirection) represents spiritual and psychological twisting—the spirit of pride, confusion, and systemic gaslighting. It ensures that clear communication is completely impossible.

The Jezebel (puppet master) archetype operates through covert manipulation, intimidation, and the seduction of power. This is often an insecure manager or a highly influential colleague who uses relational sabotage to maintain control.

In a church

Pharaoh frames the church not as a sanctuary for sheep, but as an empire or an extractive factory where the congregants and staff are the labor force. A driving, hyper-ambitious leadership structure obsessed with growth, metrics, building projects, and outward expansion.

The Pharisee dynamic provides the doctrinal and moral justification for Pharaoh’s extraction. They specialize in heavy legalism, performative righteousness, and positional authority. Leadership is obsessed with titles, hierarchies, protocol, and outward submission. They preach a gospel of heavy burdens, rigid expectations, and strict compliance, but offer no actual grace, vulnerability, or restoration (“binding heavy burdens, but not moving a finger to help”).

Leviathan is the spirit of pride and structural confusion. In a church setting, it takes the form of spiritual gaslighting, twisting Scripture, and shifting narratives. If you bring a legitimate concern to leadership (e.g., flagging burnout, a lack of transparency, or unbiblical behavior), the conversation is instantly flipped. Your feedback is labeled as a “slanderous tongue,” “touching God’s anointed,” or “sowing discord among the brethren.”

The Jezebel archetype operates through manipulation, intimidation, and the seduction of proximity to power. In a ministry setting, this can be a toxic leader, a pastor’s spouse, or a highly influential leader who uses relational warfare to control the spiritual climate. This force builds a protective inner circle of yes-men and flatterers while systematically discrediting, isolating, or ousting anyone with true prophetic insight, independent thinking, or genuine spiritual maturity.

In a family

Pharaoh sets the rules of survival in the household, treating family members as assets to exploit rather than individuals to love. They are highly demanding, narcissistic parent or patriarch/matriarch who requires absolute compliance and constant emotional, financial, or physical labor

The Pharisee dynamic provides the moral, cultural, or religious justification for Pharaoh’s exploitation. They use guilt, shame, and hyper-legalism to keep everyone in line. Pharisee sets the family culture, obsessed with outward appearances, performative goodness, or hyper-rigid traditions. They heavily enforce filial piety or “honor” while ignoring the actual abuse happening behind closed doors 

Leviathan is the spirit of pride and systemic confusion. It twists words, distorts reality, and ensures that healthy, direct communication is utterly dead. Leviathan could be a parent, sibling, or in-law who uses extreme gaslighting, triangulation, and rewriting history. If you try to address a past hurt or set a simple boundary, the conversation is twisted so rapidly that you end up apologizing to them.

The Jezebel archetype operates through covert manipulation, playing the perpetual victim, and splitting relationships to maintain absolute control over the family dynamic. Jezebel is a highly manipulative parent, sibling, or in-law who demands absolute loyalty and punishes any separate, healthy bonds. It is possible for one family member to carry multiple players “spirits” in their personality.

The Lethal Team

Spiritual warfare teachers often refer to these four spirits as a lethal team. The “fear” of the spirit has given power to the Pharisee spirit into oppressing women in the church and Leviathan’s deception of twisted scripture to control, work together to create confusion and division. If Jezebel can’t get in the church leadership, the Pharisees and Pharaoh spirits are more empowered, as a church member, she plays the victim role, creating using gossip as concern. It is the lack of faith in God and ignorance of the spirits that destroys the church, not the women.

The interaction between these dynamics creates a highly destructive tag-team effect within organizational leadership teams, marriages, and ministries. When they operate together, they create a reinforcing cycle that isolates leaders, destroys relationships, and factions communities.

The strategy is manipulation control to gain influence, undermine legitimate authority, and dictate outcomes behind the scenes.

Their defense mechanism is the classic victim mentality. Perception of hurt feelings to play on your compassion and empathy, retreats into isolation to punish you or uses emotional outbursts to deflect accountability. They reject criticism entirely, misconstrue pure intentions as attacks, and gaslight the challenger. Any attempt of holding them accountable becomes impossible. If anyone confronts Jezebel’s manipulation, Leviathan immediately twist the confrontation making the leader look like the abuser and the manipulator (Jezebel) looks like the victim and the Pharisees will manipulate scripture to make the case as to why it is the church’s fault or unholy of the group or leader. The pharaoh spirit will find a legal loophole or change the rules to accommodate the narrative to validate the Jezebel to appear as the innocent individual who should be supported by the rest of the group, family, congregation or community.

When the Leviathan, Pharaoh and Pharisee Spirits do this, it confirms and reinforces the seeds that were already planted by Jezebel. These seeds of doubt form toxic factions that she had previously planted with her recruited sympathizers. The Pharisees and Pharaoh spirits are not always involved. However, Leviathan and Jezebel typically work together and triangulate their target. In many cases the target is the Pharaoh spirit. All of this creates confusion and destroys long-term established trust by misinterpreting simple words and shattering alliances. Jezebel quietly divides the team into factions while Leviathan ensures that genuine doubt is so completely damaged that the factions can never reconcile. The Pharisee spirit gives it the illusion of being biblically sound as righteous anger. This all usually begins with the spirit of Pharaoh who keeps moving the goalposts and setting unachievable expectations and it is Jezebel who is coming to the rescue defended by the Leviathan spirit, validated by the Pharisee spirit. It may appear they are not all working together, but that is by design; they are.

Common Manifestations: Proponents of the teaching describe it as showing up when a person or group faces heavy, unrelenting pressure, broken promises, or toxic authority that tries to keep them trapped in cycles of fear and exhaustion. “Pharisee spirit”, the pharaoh spirit is also known as “Ahab” (characterized by passive, fearful, or conflict-avoidant leadership). Ahab creates the vacuum by refusing to confront issues or enforce healthy boundaries. Jezebel rushes into that vacuum to take control. Leviathan (Ahab) builds a wall of pride and twisted narratives around them both, ensuring that anyone who tries to step in and fix the situation is labeled a troublemaker, unspiritual, or divisive. This is the “take over” or the division in the church.

Breaking the Cycle

Pastoral theology emphasizes that you cannot fight these dynamics using the same tools they employ. Because Leviathan feeds on arguments and Jezebel thrives on hidden manipulation, exposing them requires a completely different posture. Since pride is Leviathan’s anchor, radical humility and a refusal to take offense completely disarms its influence. Truth and absolute transparency break the “twisting” effect of Leviathan and the hidden agendas of Jezebel. Clear, documented communication is essential with courageous boundaries. Passive leadership must be replaced with firm, loving, and immediate confrontation of manipulative behaviors before they take root. To understand how these concepts fit into the broader landscape of faith and ministry, it is helpful to look at all four corners where their biblical roots intersect and how theologians and clinicians debate their actual nature.

WWJD – What Would Jesus Do?

Jesus provided a tool for us during his “Sermon on the Mount” he spoke to his congregation in regard to “turn the other cheek” he was not advocating for passive submission or cowardice. In the historical context, it was an act of defiant non-violence resistance.

In the gospel of Matthew 5:38-39 Jesus specified a strike “on the right cheek”. He was describing a very specific legal and cultural action rather than a random act of violence. Because people in that era strictly use their right hand for public interactions and the left hand was reserved for sanitary purposes, a strike to someone’s right cheek would only be delivered in one of two ways: a clumsy left-handed blow or a disciplined slap using the right hand. In that culture, the backhanded slap carries implications. It was an assertion of social superiority. A backhanded slap was not meant to start a fight, it was meant to enforce hierarchy. It was a tool of humiliation used exclusively by a superior against an inferior. An equal would strike someone with an open palm or a closed fist to initiate a fight. A backhanded blow signals that the person being struck was considered subhuman or socially insufficient, lacking the status to demand a fair fight. By turning the left cheek, the victim strips the aggressor of the ability to use another backhanded blow with the right hand. To strike the left cheek with the right hand, the superior would be forced to use an open palm or closed fist. When a dominant figure delivered a backhanded slap to an inferior, it was a precise performance of hierarchy—designed to humiliate without acknowledging the victim as a social peer. Forcing that superior into using an open palm or a clenched fist fundamentally ruptured this dynamic. It stripped away the ritual of subjugation, legally and socially compelling the abuser to fight the victim on level ground, thereby collapsing the very power structure the original blow was meant to uphold.

It effectively told the oppressor “your attempt to humiliate me failed. I am a human being, and if you hit me again, you will have to treat me as your equal. Often an individual who carries this team (legion) within their personality, will quote “turn the other cheek” when they feel their mask is slipping and you may expose them.

Biblical Overlaps of These Dynamics

The Old Testament narratives show a striking overlap between the literal historical figure of Queen Jezebel and the symbolic characteristics of the Leviathan creature.

Job 41:34 states that Leviathan is the “king over all the children of pride.” Queen Jezebel’s entire reign was defined by this absolute arrogance. She did not merely practice idolatry; she actively sought to systematically exterminate the prophets of Yahweh (1 Kings 18:4) and replace the worship of God with her own spiritual and political systems.

Leviathan is described in Isaiah 27:1 as the “twisting serpent.” Jezebel’s most infamous act—the judicial murder of Naboth to steal his vineyard for King Ahab—was a masterclass in twisted truth. She forged the king’s signature, subverted the law, and hired false witnesses to accuse a righteous man of blasphemy (1 Kings 21) and perfected using the weapons of both deception and twisting the truth.

Leviathan’s breath is said to kindle coals, and “dismay dances before him” (Job 41:21-22). This paralyzing dread with fear and intimidation is exactly what Jezebel weaponized against Elijah. With a single sent message threatening his life, she sent one of Israel’s greatest prophets into a spiral of severe depression, fear, and suicidal isolation in the wilderness (1 Kings 19).

To protect a community or professional environment from these destructive dynamics, organizations must move away from passive management and establish concrete, healthy frameworks. Whether you view these patterns through a spiritual, pastoral, or psychological lens, the remedy relies on uncompromising transparency, clear boundaries, and healthy systems of accountability.

A structural framework and clearly set personal boundaries safeguards your environment and is your greatest defense.

Structural Frameworks for Organizations and Ministries

Toxic dynamics thrive in environments that are vague, highly centralized, or conflict-avoidant. To combat the four corners of those spirits, implementing these four structural pillars removes the shadows where manipulation operates.

Plurality in Leadership (No Single Dictator):
The Bible shares Deborah and Priscilla as two female examples who demonstrate the leadership that keeps these spirits out of an organization, church or family. Judges 4-5 & Acts 18.

Avoid structures where a single leader holds absolute, unquestionable authority. Establish a governing board or elder team where decisions require consensus, and where the main leader is submissive to the group’s counsel.

Ambiguity is the playground of manipulation. Maintain clear, written bylaws, job descriptions, and grievance policies. When a conflict arises, rely on the documented process rather than emotional appeals or personal backchannels.
Build formal relationships with an outside entity such as an overarching denomination, a network of peer organizations, or a professional consulting group. If internal communication breaks down completely, an unbiased, external party must have the authority to step in, investigate, and mediate.
Keep rigorous, auditable financial records and ensure major operational shifts are clearly communicated. Restricting access to information creates toxic tiers of “insiders” and “outsiders,” which fuels division and suspicion.

Practical Personal Boundaries for Confronting Toxic Dynamics

If you are personally dealing with an individual operating in severe pride, manipulation, or truth-twisting, standard interpersonal approaches will often fail. You must adjust your boundaries to protect your well-being and the truth.

One-on-One Verbal Confrontations: Don’t Bother
When dealing with a truth-twister, avoid unrecorded, private conversations. Ensure a neutral, mature third party is present for meetings, or shift communication to written formats like email. This prevents your words from being twisted later.

Refuse to Participate in Triangulation:
Manipulation relies on building secret alliances. If someone approaches you to gossip about a leader or coworker under the guise of “concern” or a “prayer request,” stop them immediately. Offer to accompany them in speaking directly with the person in question face-to-face. Don’t even bother directing them to do so on their own. They will stop bringing the gossip to you.
When a conversation is being derailed by defensiveness or gaslighting, stop discussing the specific issue and address the communication dynamic itself. Use calm, direct statements like: “We are getting off track, and I feel like the narrative is being shifted to make you the victim here. Let’s return to the core issue.” This will call out the behavior not just the topic.
As soon as possible, keep a factual, objective log of dates, times, agreements, and specific actions. When confusion is intentionally seeded to make you doubt your own memory, a meticulous written record serves as an essential anchor for reality later. In emails or texts, do not reply immediately. Give yourself a mandatory buffer window (such as 4 to 24 hours) to read the message, process any initial emotional spike, and draft a concise, neutral response.
If dealing with a highly volatile individual, consider using a third party (like an attorney, an ombudsman, or a trusted administrative proxy) to handle the direct flow of communications.

A person deeply entrenched in these patterns rarely responds to gentle persuasion. If an individual or an organization refuses to submit to mutual accountability and continues to twist reality, your ultimate boundary is removal. Walking away protects your mental health and prevents you from enabling a toxic system.

References

Books

1. Steve Sampson, Confronting Jezebel: Discerning and Defeating the Spirit of Control (Chosen Books, 2012; revised and expanded edition) — the control/manipulation framework behind your Jezebel section.

2. Francis Frangipane, The Three Battlegrounds — the Jezebel-spirit chapter is the classic treatment.

3. John Eckhardt, Prayers That Rout Demons (Charisma House, 2008) — includes prayers targeting the Leviathan and Jezebel spirits.

4. Jonas Clark, Jezebel: Seducing Goddess of War — the Jezebel/Ahab dynamic.

Jezebel spirit — teachings

5. Steven Lambert, “Characteristics of Jezebel Spirit” (Spirit Life Ministries, © 1984) — the detailed characteristics list. slm.org

6. “Jezebel Spirit: Biblical Meaning, Signs, and Freedom” (AIIIH) — notes Scripture never names a distinct demon called the “Jezebel spirit”; it’s a later ministry term for the pattern. aiiih.org

7. “What defines the Jezebel spirit?” (BibleHub) — 1 Kings 16–21 and Revelation 2:20 overview. biblehub.com

Leviathan spirit — teachings

8. Kathy DeGraw, “Exposing the Leviathan Spirit” (Kathy DeGraw Ministries) — pride, twisting words, offense, rejection; the unteachable pattern. kathydegrawministries.org

9. “Warring Against the Leviathan Spirit” (Great Faith Church) — pride and arrogance, twisting of words and communication; James 4:6 as the counter. greatfaith.church

10. “What is a Leviathan Spirit?” (VideoBible) — biblical overview; notes Scripture doesn’t explicitly use the term. videobible.com

Pharaoh spirit — teachings

11. Shaneen Megji, “4 Biblical Signs You Are Not Dealing With a Safe Person” — the Pharaoh spirit as narcissism in authority (spouse, parent, pastor, boss), with Exodus 5 tactics mapped to church, workplace, and family. shaneenmegji.com

12. “Part 2: Pharaoh in the Church” (Charisma Magazine) — the spirit of Pharaoh in church leadership; using people to build religious systems. mycharisma.com

13. Anna Dadurian, “The Manna Lifestyle: Deliverance From Today’s Pharaoh” — the Pharaoh spirit as modern hustle/workplace bondage. Substack

Pharisee / religious spirit — teachings

14. Lisa Stephens, “Religious Spirit” (Lisa Stephens Ministry) — judgmentalism, self-righteousness, religious pride, legalism, perfectionism, false holiness. lisastephensministry.org

15. Robert Heidler, “The Religious Spirit: The Counterfeit Kingdom” (Life in Jesus Ministries) — seven characteristics of the religious spirit. lifeinjesus-ministries.com

16. Mark DeJesus, “Is Your Organization Infected by a Political Spirit?” — the leaven of the Pharisees (Mark 8:15) in organizations; rules over relationship. markdejesus.com

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